The Examples of different translation procedures by NewMark

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."
Example : Greece=Yunani

Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
Example : music = musik , computer = komputer, inteligent =intelijen

Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example : salted fish = ikan asin

Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example :
reog = a traditional art originally from Jawa Timur
Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Example : man = [+male] , [+mature]
' boy = [+male] , [-mature ] women = [-male] [+mature] girl [-male] [-mature]
Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example : hot pants=celana pendek

Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)
Example : a pair of shoes = sepasang sepatu

Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)
Example : hare we go ! = ini dia , wait a minute = Tunggu Sebentar
Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
Example : WIB = Waktu Indonesia Barat ,

Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example : Boneca(Portugis)=Boneka(Bahasa Indonesia)
Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example : Shubuh = Dawn

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